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Genocides, Politicides, and Other Mass Murder Since 1945, With Stages in 2002[1]

[1] Those countries at Stage 7 are currently at the mass killing stage. They have active genocides or politicides, and are identified with bold type. They are erupting. The others are at various stages of dormancy (4 through 6,) but could erupt again. Civilian deaths in 2001 are separately identified. The table is organized by region. Within a region, countries are listed in order of their potential for mass killing, by stages. Not all politicides since 1945 appear on this chart because some countries where politicide has occurred have become democracies (e.g. East Germany, Poland, Romania, Mongolia) and are not now at stage 4 or above.

©2002 Gregory H. Stanton, Genocide Watch

			AFRICA
NATION		YEARS OF EPISODES SINCE 1945	CUMULATIVE CIVILIAN DEATH TOLL	MAJOR KILLERS	MAIN DIVISIONS	STAGE in 2002
Burundi		1959 – 1962 1972 1988 1993 – 1995 1996 -- present	50,000 Hutus 150,000 Hutus 25,000 Hutus 50,000 Tutsis, 100,000 Hutus 2001: 5,000	Tutsi government Tutsi army Tutsi army Hutu rebels Tutsi army	Ethnic, political	7 – Genocidal massacres
Sudan		1956 – 1972, 1983 – present	2 million Nuer, Dinka, Christians, Nuba, southerners 2001: 10,000	Khartoum gov’t NIF government, militias, rebels	Political, religious, racial, ethnic	7 – Politicide, Genocide
Democratic Republic of the Congo		1945 -- 1960 1960 – 1965 1977 – 1979, 1984 1994 – 1997 1997 – present	1,000’s Africans 1,000’s civil war 1,000’s civil war 80,000 Hutus, Banyamulenge, 10,000 Hema,Lendu 2 million (civil war) 2001: 80,000	Colonial forces Rebels, army Rebels, army Kabila/ Rwandan army, Ugandan, Rwandan armies, rebels, DRCongo & allied armies	Racial, colonial, economic Political, ethnic	7 – Politicide, Genocidal massacres
Côte d’Ivoire		1998 – present	100’s Bambara, Senoufo, Bété, Burkinabe	Gov’t police, rebels	Ethnic, national, Religious, political	7 – Massacres
Algeria		1954 – 1963 1991 -- present	160,000 OAS, Harkis, settlers 50,000 Berbers 2001: 5,000	French legions, OAS, rebels Islamic Armed Group (GIA)	Colonial Religious, political	7 – Massacres
Liberia		1990 – 2000 2001 -- present	100,000 Krahn, Gio, Mano, etc. 2001: 1,000’s	Doe gov’t army, Taylor rebels Gov’t, rebels	Political, ethnic	7 – Politicide
Uganda		1972 – 1979, 1980 – 1986 1994 – present	300,000 Acholi, Lango, Karamoja 250,000 Baganda, Banyarwanda 1,000’s LRA foes 2001: 100’s	Amin gov’t army, police Obote gov’t army, police Lord’s Resistance Army	Political, ethnic, religious	7 – Massacres
Nigeria		1966 – 1970, 1972 – 2000 (sporadic) 2001 --present	1 million Ibos Tiv, Hausa, Yoruba Ogoni, others 2001: 1,000's	Nigerian army Ethnic mobs Nigerian army, police	Political, ethnic, religious	6 – Preparation
Zimbabwe		1982 – 84, 1998 – present	20,000 Ndebele, MDC, white farmers 2001: 100’s	Gov’t army 5^th Brigade, ZANU-PF militias	Ethnic, political	6 – Preparation
Somalia		1988 – present	100,000 Somalis, Isaaq clan 2001: 100’s	Warlord/clan militias	Political, clan	6 – Preparation
Sierra Leone		1991 – present	100,000 (civil war) 2001: 1000’s	Revolutionary United Front, other militias	Political, ethnic	5 – Polarization
Rwanda		1959 – 1963, 1993 1994 1995 – present	10,000’s Tutsi 800,000 Tutsi 1,000’s Hutus 2001: 100’s	Hutu gov’t Hutu Power gov't Interahamwe Rwandan gov’t	Ethnic, political	5 – Polarization
Congo-Brazzaville		1959 – 1968 1997 – 2000	5,000 Gov’t foes 1,000’s (civil war)	Gov’t army, police, rebels	Colonial Political, ethnic	5 – Polarization
Central African Republic		1966 – 1979 2001	2,000 Bokassa foes	Gov’t army, police	Political, ethnic	5 -- Polarization
Ethiopia		1945 – 1974 1974 – 1979 1994 – 2000	150,000 Oromo, Eritreans, Somali 750,000 Class enemies, Oromo 10,000’s (war with Eritrea)	Selassie monarchy Derg communists Army	National, religious, ethnic	5 – Polarization
Eritrea		1960’s - 2000	10,000’s Eritreans (independence war with Ethiopia)	Ethiopian armies, police	National, religious, ethnic	4 -- Organization
Equatorial Guinea		1975 – 1979	50,000 Bubi, Nguema foes	Macias Nguema regime	Political, ethnic	4 – Organization
Senegal – Casamance		1990 – 2001	1,000 Diola (civil war)	Senegalese army, rebels	Political, ethnic	4 – Organization
Kenya		1952 – 1960 1991 – 1993	1,500 Kikuyu, colonials 1,000’s Nilotics	Colonial forces MauMau Kikuyu Ethnic militias	Ethnic, political	4 – Organization
Angola		1961 -- 1962 1975 – present	40,000 Kongo, 500,000 Umbundu, Ovimbundu 2001: 5,000	Colonial army Gov’t, UNITA armies, allies	Colonial Political, ethnic	4 – Organization
Chad		1965 – 1996	10,000’s southern Saras, civil war	Gov’t army, Libyan army, rebels	Ethnic, racial, religious, political	4 – Organization
Morocco- Western Sahara		1976 – present	1,000’s: Sahrawis	Moroccan army, Polisario rebels	Political, ethnic	4 – Organization
Mali		1990 – 1993	1,000 Touaregs	Malian army, Touareg rebels	Ethnic, political	4 – Organization
Mozambique		1975 – 1994	1 million by MPLA, Renamo	Renamo, MPLA	Political, ethnic	4 – Organization
Madagascar		1947 – 1948	50,000 Malagasy nationalists	French colonial forces	National, racial, political, ethnic	4 -- Organization
South Africa		1987 – 1996 1996 – present	1,000’s Zulus, Xhosa, ANC Boer farmers	Gov’t police, ethnic militias ethnic militias	Racial, political, ethnic	4 – Organization
Botswana		1990 – present	100’s Küng, Caprivi Namibians	Gov’t police	Economic, political, ethnic	4 – Organization
Egypt		sporadic	100’s: Copts	Muslim funda- mentalists	Religious, political	4 – Organization
			AMERICAS
	NATION	EPISODES	DEATH TOLL	KILLERS	DIVISIONS	STAGE in 2002
	Colombia	1948 -- 1958 1975 – present	150,000 10,000’s 2001: 1,000's	Political parties Marxists, rightist death squads, drug cartels	Political Political, narcotics cartels	7 – Politicide
	Venezuela	1945 – 1970’s,	1,000’s Yanomami	Settlers, miners	Racial, ethnic	5 – Polarization
	Brazil	1945 -- 1964 1964 – 1965 sporadic massacres	300,000 Vargas foes, Indians 1,000’s: Kayapo, Yanomami, etc.	Gov’t police, settler militias Settlers, miners	Political, economic, racial, ethnic	4 – Organization
	Guatemala	1950’s –1980’s	200,000 Mayans	Gov’t army, death squads	Racial, ethnic, political	4 – Organization
	Cuba	1945 -- 1959 1959 – present	100’s rebels 75,000 “counter – revolutionaries”	Rightist gov’ts Castro gov’t	Political	4 – Organization
	Argentina	1976 – 1980	20,000 leftists	Army, police	Racial, ethnic Political	4 – Organization
	Chilé	1973 – 1976	10,000’s leftists	Army, police	Political	4 – Organization
	Nicaragua	1970 – 1979 1980 – 1989	1,000’s Sandinistas 10,000’s Contras	Gov’t army Sandinista army	Political	4 – Organization
	El Salvador	1980 – 1992	10,000’s leftists	Army, militias	Political	4 – Organization
	Paraguay	1945 – 1962 1962 – 1974	1000’s Indians 1000 Aché Indians	Army, settlers Settlers	Racial, ethnic	4 – Organization
	Mexico Chiapas	1945 – 2001	10,000’s Indians, gov’t foes 10,000’s Mayans	Army, police	Ethnic, political	4 – Organization
			ASIA
	NATION	EPISODES	DEATH TOLL	KILLERS	DIVISIONS	STAGE in 2002
	North Korea	1949 – present	2 million + 2001: 10,000's	Gov’t, army, police	Political, class	7 – Politicide
	India Kashmir	1947, 1949 – present (sporadic) 1947 -- present	100,000’s Muslims, Hindus 2001: 100’s 2001: 1,000's	RSS mobs Muslim mobs Rebels, police	National, religious, ethnic, political	7 – Politicide, genocidal massacres
	Peoples Republic of China	1949 – 1977 1977 -- present	35 million “class enemies”, religious minorities, Uighurs Muslims, Christians 2001: 1,000’s	Maoist communist gov’t, PRC army, Red Guards, police executions	Political,national, class,economic, ethnic, religious	7 – Politicide
	Sri Lanka	1983 – present	1000’s: Tamil and Sinhalese civilians 2001: 100's	Anti-Tamil mobs Tamil Tiger rebels	Ethnic, national, political, religious	7 – Politicide genocidal massacres
	Burma (Myanmar)	1945 – 1948 1948 – 1962 1962 -- 1978 1979 -- present	1,000’s rebels 15,000 rebels,govt 100,000 Shan, Muslims, Karen, Christians 2001: 100's	Burma Ind Move U Nu govt,rebels Burmese gov’t SLORC gov’t	Ethnic, political, religious	7 – Politicide, genocidal massacres
	Indonesia	1965 1966 – present	500,000 communist 10,000’s: Aceh 1,000’s: Irian Jaya 1,000’s: Moluccas 1,000’s: Sulewesi 2001: high 1000's	Suharto gov’t Suharto gov’t & successors Laskar Jihad Laskar Jihad	Political, ethnic Religious, political Political, religious, ethnic, national	7 – Politicide, genocidal massacres
	Philippines	1972 – present	1,000’s pro-gov’t officials, separatists, communists	Marxists, gov’t Army, Moros, Abu Sayyef	Political, religious	7 – Political massacres (by terrorists)
	Nepal	1996 – present	2,600 anti-Maoists 2001: 100's	Maoist rebels	Political	7 – Political massacres
	Afghanistan	1978 – 1993 1993 – 1996 1996 – 2001 1996 – 2001 2001 – present	700,000 (civil war) 50,000+ 30,000 (civil war) 50,000+ Tajiks, Uzbeks, Hazara 10,000+ 2001: 10,000's	Soviets Mujahadin Warlords Taliban, Al Queda NorthernAlliance Anti-Taliban	Political, national, religious, ethnic	6 – Preparation
	Uzbekistan Fergana Valley	1991 – present	1,000’s 2001: 100’s	Muslim funda- mentalists	Political, religious	6 – Preparation
	Pakistan East Pakistan: (now Bangladesh) West Pakistan	1947 1971 1973 – 1977 1978 -- present	61,000 Hindus 1,500,000 Bengalis & Hindus Sindhis 2001: 100’s	Muslim mobs West Pakistani army Army	Political, national, ethnic, religious	6 – Preparation
	Tibet	1959 – 1990’s	1,600,000 Tibetan Buddhists 2001: 100’s	PRC communist Chinese gov’t	National, political, religious, ethnic	5 – Polarization
	Azerbaijan	1988 – 1994	10,000’s Azeris & Armenians	Azeri & Armenian armies	Ethnic, political, religious national	5 – Polarization
	Cambodia	1945 – 1966 1966 – 1975 1968 – 1975 1975 – 1979 1979 – 1993 1993 – present	5,000 king’s foes 15,000 Vietnamese 360,000 pro-gov’t 1.7 – 2.2 million class enemies, Cham Muslims, city people, Vietnamese, Eastern Zone 230,000 (civil war) 1,000’s gov’t foes 2001: 100’s	Royal gov’t Lon Nol gov’t Khmer Rouge Khmer Rouge Samrin govt,KR Hun Sen gov’t	Political, class, ethnic, religious, national	5 – Polarization
	French Vietnam South Vietnam North Vietnam Peoples Democratic RepublicVietnam	1945 – 1953 1954 – 1975 1954 – 1975 1975 – present	10,000’s leftists 90,000 leftists 1 million class enemies,minorities 10,000’s boat people, reeducated	French colonials South Viet gov’t North Viet gov’t Vietnamese gov’t	Political, class, ethnic, national	4 – Organization
	Laos	1945 – 1960 1960 – 1975 1975 -- present	10,000’s leftists 100,000 anti- communists, Hmong 2001: 100’s	Royalists,French Pathet Lao Peoples Demo- cratic Republic	Political, ethnic	4 - Organization
	East Timor	1965 – 2000	200,000 Timorese	Indonesian army, militias	Political, ethnic, national,religious	4 – Organization
			EUROPE
	NATION	EPISODES	DEATH TOLL	KILLERS	DIVISIONS	STAGE in 2002
	Russia –Chechnya	1943 – 1957 1994 – present	50,000 Chechens 2001: 1,000's	USSR army Russian Army	Ethnic, national, religious,political	7 – Politicide, massacres
	Yugoslavia: Kosovo	1998 – 2001	10,000 Albanian Kosovars, 100’s Serbs	Yugoslav Army KosovoLibArmy	Ethnic, religious, national, political	5 – Polarization
	Yugoslavia Croatia Serbia, Bosnia (including 1941-1945 relevant to later conflicts)	1941 – 1945 1941 – 1945 1945 – 1987 1993 – 2001	650,000 Serbs 100,000 Croats, Muslims 1 million Tito foes 1,000’s dissidents	Croatian Fascists (Ustashi) Serb Partisans (Chetniks) Tito gov’t Milosevic gov’t	Political, ethnic, national,religious	8 – Denial 5 – Polarization
	Macedonia	1999 - 2001	100’s Albanians, Macedonians	Albanian rebels, Macedonia govt	Political, ethnic	5 – Polarization
	Bosnia	1992 – 1998	200,000 Muslims, Croats, Serbs	Bosnian Serbs, Croats, Muslims	Ethnic, religious, national, political	5 – Polarization (partition)
	Georgia: Abkhasia	1993 – present	100’s Abkhasians 2001: under 100	Georgian army, separatist rebels	National, ethnic, political	5 – Polarization
	Northern Ireland	1964 – present	3000 Catholics, Protestants 2001: under 100	Irish Republic Army, Protestant extremists	Religious, class, political, national	5 – Polarization
	Croatia	1991 – 1995	50,000 Serbs, Bosnian Muslims	Croat army, militias	Ethnic, national, religious,political	4 - Organization
	USSR (State no longer exists.) USSR national minorities, esp. in Crimea, Dagestan Ingushetia	1945 – 1953 1945 – 1947 1954 – 1991 1945 – 1991	15 million “class enemies” 1 million repatriated Soviet nationals 6 million dissidents 400,000 Karachai, Meshketians,Balkar Crimean Tatars, Ingushi	Soviet police, army, NKVD NKVD, KGB secret police Red Army, Secret police	Political, national, ethnic, religious	Not applicable (State no longer exists.)
			MIDDLE EAST
	NATION	EPISODES	DEATH TOLL	KILLERS	DIVISIONS	STAGE in 2002
	Israel – Palestine	1948 – 1955, 1956, 1967, 1973, 1987 -- 1993 2000 -- present	1,000’s Israelis, 1,000’s Palestinians 1,162 Palestinians 160 Israelis 2001: 240 Israelis, 777 Palestinians	Irgun, Arab terrorists, Israeli army, police, Fatah, Hamas	National, religious, ethnic, political	7 – Politicide, massacres
	Iraq	1961 – present	190,000 Kurds, Shiites, Kuwaitis 2001: 1,000's	Iraqi army, presidential guard	Political, ethnic, national, religious	8 – Denial 7 – Genocide Politicide
	Turkey	1984 – present	10,000’s Kurds 2001: 100’s	Turkish army	Ethnic, religious, national, political	8 – Denial 6 – Preparation
	Syria	1981 – 1982	21,000 Kurds, Sunni Muslims	Syrian army, police	Political, religious,national	5 – Polarization
	Iran	1953 – 1978 1978 – 1992	26,000 Shah foes 60,000 Kurds, monarchists, Bahai	Secret police, Iranian army, revolution guards	Religious, ethnic, political, national	5 – Polarization
	Cyprus	1963 – 1967	2,000 Turks, Greek Cypriots	Greek Cypriots Turks	Political, religious, ethnic, national	5 – Polarization (partition)
	Lebanon	1974 – 1991	55,000 Christians, Muslims, Druze	Religious militias Hezbollah, Phalangists	Religious, political	5 – Polarization

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[1] Those countries at Stage 7 are currently at the mass killing stage. They have active genocides or politicides, and are identified with bold type. They are erupting. The others are at various stages of dormancy (4 through 6,) but could erupt again. Civilian deaths in 2001 are separately identified. The table is organized by region. Within a region, countries are listed in order of their potential for mass killing, by stages. Not all politicides since 1945 appear on this chart because some countries where politicide has occurred have become democracies (e.g. East Germany, Poland, Romania, Mongolia) and are not now at stage 4 or above. ©2002 Gregory H. Stanton, Genocide Watch